Inorganic catalysts | Enzymes |
1. They are mineral ions or small molecules | They are globular proteins |
2. They can promote diverse reaction | They can promote a specific reaction of a substrate |
3. They are not regulated by any regulator molecules | They are regulated by specific molecules |
4. They are less sensitive to temperature and pH | More sensitive to temperature and pH |
5. They are not synthesized in the living cells | They are synthesized by ribosomes in the living cells |
Saturated fatty acids | Unsaturated fatty acids |
1. They do not possess any double bond in their carbon chains | They possess one or more double bonds in their carbon chains |
2. They are straight chains | They have bend or kink at the double bond |
3. They have higher melting point than the unsaturated fatty acids | Lower melting point |
4. They are solid at ordinary temperature | They are liquid at ordinary temperature |
5. They occur in most animal fats | They occur in most plant fats |
6. Hydrogenation has no effect on saturated fatty acids | Hydrogenation convert unsaturated fatty acids into saturated ones |
Biochemistry and Molecular biology, Physiology and anatomy
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Component | Normal value | |
Haemoglobin | Female | 12- 16 gm% |
Male | 14-18 gm% | |
Infants | 14-20 gm% | |
Total leucocyte count (TLC) | 4000-11000/ mm3 | |
Differential leucocyte count (DLC) | Neutrophil | 40-70 % |
Lymphocytes | 20-40 % | |
Monocytes | 2-10 % | |
Eosinophils | 1-6% | |
Basophils | 0-1% | |
Total erythrocyte count (TRBC) | Male | 4.5- 6.5 lac/ mm3 |
Female | 4.1-4.8 lac/ mm3 | |
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) | Male | 0- 9/15 mm/hr |
Female | 0- 15/20 mm/hr | |
Platelet count | 1.5- 4.0 lacs/ mm3 | |
Haematocrit | Male | 40- 54 |
Female | 37- 47 | |
Bleeding time | 1-3 minutes | |
Clotting time | 3- 7 min | |
Blood volume (8.5- 9.0% of body w.t) | Male | 5-6 litres |
Female | 4-5 litres | |
Blood pressure | Systolic | 120-130 mm Hg |
Diastolic | 80-90 mm Hg | |
Component | Normal value |
Blood sugar level | Fasting: 65-100 mg/dl (100 ml) Post Prandial: 80-140 mg/100 ml Random: 80-140 mg/100 ml |
Blood urea | 10-50 mg/ 100 ml |
Serum creatinine | 0.50- 1.50 mg/100 ml |
Uric acid | 2.5-7.5 mg/100 ml |
Copper | 100-200 mg/100 ml |
Lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) | 90-260µ/ ml |
Total cholesterol | 150-250 mg/100ml |
Total lipids | 400-700 mg/100ml |
Triglycerides | 40-170 mg/100 ml |
High density lipids (HDL) | 30-70 mg/100 ml |
Low density lipids (LDL) | 150 mg/100 ml |
Very low density lipid (VLDL) | 30 mg/100 ml |
Serum bilirubin (Total) | 0.2- 1.2 mg/100 ml |
Serum bilirubin (direct) | 0.00- 0.25 mg/100 ml |
Serum bilirubin (Indirect) | 0.2- 0.7 mg/100 ml |
Alkaline phosphtase | 60-170 iu /L |
Creatine phosphokinase (CPK) | Female: 10-37 units/l |
Serum proteins (Total) | 5.5-8 gm/100 ml |
Albumin | 3.5-5 gm/100 ml |
Globulin | 2.3-3.5 gm/100 ml |
Albumin- Globulin ratio | 1.5:1 to 2.5:1 |
Chloride | 9.8-109 mmol/L |
Sodium | 135-155 mmol/L |
Potassium | 3.5-5.5 mmol/L |
Phosphorous | 3.5-5.6 mg/100 ml |
Magnesium | 1.25-2.5 mg/100 ml |
Serum amylase | 0.7-25µ/ 100ml |
Acid phosphatase | Female: 0.01-0.56 µ/ ml Male: 0.13-0.63 µ/ ml |
Calcium | 8.5-10.5 mg/100 ml |
Serum transaminase | Serum gluco oxytransaminase (SGOT): 10-40µ/ml |
Serum gluco phosphotransaminase (SGPT): 6-36 µ/ ml | |
GGTP | Female: 5-29 unit/L Male: 5-38 unit/L |
Amylase | 4-25 µ/ ml |
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) | 8-25 mg/ ml |
Biochemistry and Molecular biology, Health, Physiology and anatomy
1 comment
Vitamins | Discovered by | Daily requirement | Sources | Functions | Deficiency |
Vitamin A (Retinol, carotenoid, anti- xerophthalmic vitamin, vitamin of growth) | Mc Collum & Davis (isolated by Holmus) | 2 mg | Carrots, pumpkin, sweet potatoes, tomato, yellow coloured fruits, pink grape fruits, apricots, leafy vegetables (Animals synthesize this vitamin from carotene. So it is called Provitamin A. Fish liver oil, butter, egg yolk, milk, cod liver oil, ghee | Synthesis of muco- polysaccharides so important for body growth. Maintain integrity and secretory activity of epithelial glandular cells. Night vision | Nyctalopia (Henerolopia) Xerophthalmia Dermatitis Increased susceptibility to infection and cancer Keratomalacia (Toad’s skin) Stunted growth Sterility |
Vitamin D (Antirachitic vitamin, alciferol, sunshine vitamin 5 forms: D1, D2, D3, D4, D5 | Steenbock & Hess | 0.01 mg | Fish liver oil, butter, milk, egg, cheese, margarine, cream, oysters & cereals. Synthesized in skin from ergosterol (Provitamin D) | Ca/ P balance Increase absorption of Ca from intestine. | Rickets (in children) Osteomalacia (Especially in pregnant woman) |
Vitamin E (Tocopherol, antisterility vitamin, fertility factor, beauty vitamin) 3 forms: α, β & γ | Evans & Sore | 15 mg | Wheat germ, corn, nuts, seeds, olives, spinach, asparagus, leafy vegetables, vegetable oils, and their products, margarine, cotton seed oils | Antioxidant and prevents oxidative destruction of other vitamins (E.g. vit.K) Prevents formation of unsaturated fatty acids so prevents brown pigmentation Normal working of gonads Normal child birth Removes wrinkles of skin, scars | Sterility |
Vitamin K (Phylloquinone/ antihaemerrhagic vitamin) 3 forms: K1(phylloquinone) K2(menaquinone) K3 (mandione) | Dam & Droisy | 0.07-0.14 mg | Cabbage, cauliflower, spinach, soyabeans, cereals, liver, egg yolk. K2 - by intestinal bacteria K3 - synthetic form. | Formation of prothrombin from liver cells Blood coagulation Acts as coenzyme Q and participates in ETC. | Profuse bleeding (Haemerrhage) |
