Comparison between cartilage and bone

Cartilage	Bone
1.           It is semi-rigid and flexible	It is rigid and strong
2.           The matrix lacks blood vessels (non-vascular)	The matrix has blood vessels (vascular)
3.           Non-calcified matrix	Calcified matrix
4.           The matrix protein is chondrin	The matrix protein is ossein
5.           Each lacuna in the matrix has 2 or 3 cartilage cells (chondrocytes)	Each lacuna in the matrix has a single bone cell (osteocyte)
6.           The matrix is not arranged in lamellae	The matrix is arranged in lamellae
7.           Haversian systems, canaliculi and Volkman’s canals are absent	Present
8.           Growth is unidirectional	Growth is bidirectional

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Comparison between Tendon and Ligament

Tendon	Ligament
1.        It is composed of only collagen fibres	It is composed of collagen fibres and some elastin fibres
2.        Fibres are seen as dense parallel bundles	Fibres are densely crowded but not arranged in parallel bundles
3.        Fibroblasts are seen in between fibre bundles	Fibroblasts are seen in between fibres
4.        Tendon joins muscle to bone	Ligament joins bone to bone

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Comparison of different types of muscles

Striated (skeletal) muscles	Non-striated (smooth or visceral) muscles	Cardiac muscles
1.        Striations present	Absent	Absent
2.        Voluntary in action	Involuntary	Involuntary
3.        Muscle fibres are long and cylindrical with blunt ends	Muscle fibres are long spindle shaped with pointed ends	Muscle fibres are short, cylindrical with flat ends
4.        Fibres are unbranched	Unbranched	Branched
5.        Fibres are multi-nucleated	Uninucleated	Uninucleated
6.        Sarcoplasmic reticulum is well developed	Poorly developed	Poorly developed
7.        Sarcomeres present	Absent	Present
8.        Intercalated discs absent	Absent	Present
9.        Numerous mitochondria and glycogen granules are present	Less mitochondria and glycogen granules are present	Numerous mitochondria and glycogen granules are present
10.     Seen attached to skeleton	Seen in internal organs	Seen in the walls of heart
11.     E.g. Biceps muscle	E.g. intestinal muscles	E.g. heart muscles

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Comparison between cartilaginous and bony fishes

Cartilaginous fishes (Chondricthyes)	Bony fishes (Osteichthyes)
1.        Exclusively marine.	Marine & fresh water.
2.        Heterocercal caudal fin.	Homocercal caudal fin.
3.        Cartilaginous endoskeleton.	Bony endoskeleton
4.        Gill slits without operculum.	4 pairs of gills covered by an operculum on each side.
5.        Crescent (half moon) shaped ventral mouth	Terminal mouth
6.        Skin with placoid scales. Teeth are modified placoid scales which are backwardly directed.	Scales are Cycloid, ctenoid etc.
7.        No air bladder so they have to swim constantly to avoid sinking.	Air bladder for buoyancy
8.        Sexes are separate. In males pelvic fins bear claspers.	Sexes are separate. No claspers
9.        Internal fertilization.	Fertilisation external
10.     Many of them viviparous	Mostly oviparous
11.     E.g. Scoliodon (Dog fish), Pristis(Saw fish), Carcharodon (Great white shark), Trygon (Sting ray),Torpedo (Electric ray)	E.g. Marine fishes: Exocoetus (flying fish),Hippocampus (sea horse), Sardine, Mackeral, Tuna, Remora (sucker fish), Pomfret, Cybium               Fresh water fishes: Labeo (Rohu), Catla(Katla), Clarias (Magur), Tilapia, Anabas(Climbing perch)               Aquarium fishes: Betta (Fighting fish), Pterophyllum (Angel fish) etc.

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Comparison between male frog and female frog

Male frog	Female frog
1.        Smaller and slimmer in size	Larger and stouter in size
2.        Nuptial pads are present	Absent
3.        Vocal sacs present	Absent
4.        They can make very loud and very frequent during breeding season	More silent

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Comparison between male rat and female rat

Male rat	Female rat
1.        Larger in size	Smaller in size
2.        Nipples are degenerate	6 pairs, fully functional, 3 pairs in thorax and 3 pairs in abdomen
3.        Scrotal sacs present	Absent
4.        Penis present	Absent
5.        Vulva absent	Present
6.        Urethral opening at the tip of the penis is common opening for the passage of the sperms and urine	Separate opening in front of vulva

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Comparison between Indian elephant and African elephant

Indian elephant	African elephant
1.       Small sized (3 m)	Large sized (3.45 m)
2.       Small sized ear pinnae	Large sized ear pinnae
3.       Tusks are small sized and seen only in males	Tusks are large sized and seen in both male and female
4.       It can be domesticated	It cannot be domesticated

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