Inventions & Discoveries in Biology -2

CONTRIBUTION	DISCOVERED/INVENTED BY
1.           Crescograph	J.C. Bose
2.           Crossing over in Drosophila- cytological proof	Stern (1931)
3.           Cryosurgery	Henry Schwann
4.           Crystalline ribonuclease Formed	Kunitz (1940)
5.           CT scan (Computer Assisted Tomography (CAT)	Allan Mcleod Cormack and God frey Newbold Hounsfield (1972)
6.           Culture of cell or tissue in nutrient medium	Haber Landt G. (1902; Germany)
7.           Cyanophage	Saffermann and Morris
8.           Cyclosis	Amici G.B.
9.           Cytochrome oxidase	Warburg O. (1926)
10.         Cytochromes	Mac Munn C.A. (1886)
11.         DDT and its Insecticidal properties	Paul Muller (1939)
12.         Demonstrated that during gamete formation, chromosome number becomes half and that chromosome number is constant for each species	Van Beneden E. (1887)
13.         Dialyzer	Colf
14.         Differential interference contrast microscope	Merton and Smith
15.         Digestion mechanism Described by X-ray	Canon (1904)
16.         Dinosaur- First fossil	Mandel and his wife
17.         DNA	Avery O.T (1944)
18.         DNA - Test for locating DNA in cell	Feutgen A (1924)
19.         DNA Double helix model	Watson, Crick & Wilkins
20.         DNA fingerprinting	Alec Jeffrey (Britain; 1985)
21.         DNA in mitochondria	Nass & Afzeluis (1963)
22.         DNA is an important component of a gene	Chase M & Hershey A.D (1952)
23.         DNA is hereditary material (experiment in rat)	Frederic Griffith
24.         DNA- Synthesised artificially	Kornberg A. (1956; USA)
25.         DNA: Proved Semi-conservative replication	Meselson & Stahl
26.         Dolly, the first cloned sheep	Ian Wilmut (1996)
27.         Double fertilization in angiosperm	Nawaschin and Guingard
28.         Down’s syndrome (mongolism)	Langdon Down (1866)
29.         ECG (Electrocardiogram) Mechanism	Einthoven (1906)
30.         ECG -first recorded	Waller
31.         Edwards syndrome	J.H Edwards
32.         EEG (Electroencephalograph)	Hans Berger
33.         EEG: First human EEG	Hans Berger (1929)
34.         Electron microscope	Knoll M. and Ruska E. (1932)
35.         Electrophoresis	Tiselvis and Longsworth (1937)
36.         Elementary particles in mitochondrion	Chance and Parsons, Smith & Fernandez Moran (1963)
37.         Endomitosis	Dutrochet
38.         Endoplasmic reticulum	Porter K.R, Claude & Fullman (1945)
39.         Entamoeba gingivalis (mouth amoeba)	Gross
40.         Entamoeba histolytica	Losch (1875)
41.         Entamoeba hystolytica- pathogenic nature	Lambl (1890)
42.         Enzymes	Kuhne (1878)
43.         Episome	Jacob & Wollman
44.         Evolution above species level	Rensch (1960)
45.         Evolution by gene duplication	Ohno. S (1970)
46.         Evolution in plants: Role of variation and hybridization	Stebbin (1950)
47.         Evolution of man	Leakey (1960)
48.         Evolutionary ecology	Pianka (1974)
49.         Fertilization in frog	George Newport
50.         Fertilization in plants	Strasburger
51.         Fertilization involves fusion of nuclei from 2 gametes	O. Hertwig (1875)
52.         Fingerprint is dissimilar person to person. Used fingerprint in the field of Forensics	Sir Francis Galton
53.         First living things originated from non-living things	Alexander I. Oparin (Russia) and J.B.S Haldane (Britain)
54.         Five-kingdom classification	Whittaker R.H
55.         Flower- its reproductive parts	Grew (1682)
56.         Fluid mosaic model of plasma membrane	Singer S.J and Nicolson G.L. (1972)
57.         Foot & Mouth disease: First viral disease of animals	Loeffler F. and Frosch A. (1898)
58.         Fossils are the remnants of organisms living in past	Xenophanes (576-480 BC)
59.         Fossils- Showed Nature and formation	Demaillet (1665-1738)
60.         Found the cause of Kuru (a fatal degenerative disease)	Daniel Carleton Gaddusik (1976)
61.         Four-kingdom classification	Copeland (1956)
62.         Gaseous exchange: Method for measuring gaseous exchange in living tissue by monometry	Warburg O. (1923)
63.         Gases exchange of the blood group	Lodwig (1872)
64.         Gene map	Thomas Hunt Morgan (1930)
65.         Gene therapy- First successful attempt	French Anderson (sep 14, 1990)
66.         Genetic code	Nirenberg & Matthaei
67.         Genetic code is triplet code	Crick F.H.C & Others (1961)
68.         Genetic drift in a population of Drosophila	Spencer (1947)
69.         Genetic drifts: Observed role of genetic drifts in small populations	Moody (1947)
70.         Genetic transduction in bacteria	Griffith F. (1928)
71.         Geological time scale- first developed	Araduiana (1760)
72.         Giant salivary gland chromosomes	Balbiani (1881)
73.         Glycolysis (EMP pathway)	Embeden, Mayerhof & Parnass
74.         Glyoxysomes	Briedenbach
75.         Golgi bodies	Camillo Golgi (1898)
76.         Gram staining	Christian Gram (1884)
77.         Green revolution	Norman E. Borlaug (1970)
78.         Haemophilia	John Cotto (1803)
79.         Heart transplantation surgery	Christian Bernard
80.         Heartbeat: Investigated on heart and Heartbeat	Stannuis (1852)
81.         Heat production in nerves	Hill (1926)
82.         Helicobacter pylori, the ulcer causing bacteria	Barry J. Marshal and J. Robin Warren
83.         Heteroploidy Concept	Winkler H (1916)
84.         Heterothallism in fungi	Blakeslee
85.         HIV	Luke Montainer
86.         Honeybee dance	Von Frisch
87.         Hormones	Bayliss and Starling (1903)
88.         Hormones: Influence on enzyme activity	Cori (1945)
89.         Hormones: Role in the metamorphosis of insects	Kolliker and Muller Kopec (1922)
90.         Human body is composed of complex subsystems	Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564)
91.         Human gene therapy	Martin Clive
92.         Human Genome Project	U.S Department of Energy & National Institute of Health (2003)
93.         Hydroxy urea is effective for sickle cell anaemia	Samuel Charech (1995)
94.         Induced biochemical mutation by X-ray irradiation in Neurospora	Beadle and Tautum (1941)
95.         Infantile amaurotic idiocy (Tay- Sach’s disease)	Warren Tay and Sach (1881)
96.         Influence of blood ions on heart circulation	Ringer (1880)
97.         Insulin	Sir Frederick Grant Banding; J.J.R. Mc Leod (1922)
98.         Insulin is effective for Diabetes	Banding, Best
99.         Interaction b/w tumour viruses and genetic material of the cell	Renato Dulbeceo, Howard Martin Temin & David Baltimore (1975)
100.      Internal parts of human body- Dissected and studied	Vesalius